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外墙保温采用瓷砖饰面的安全性解决方案

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外墙保温采用瓷砖饰面的安全性解决方案

   
    近年来随着国家建筑节能政策的深入推进,越来越多的建筑外墙外保温系统使用瓷砖作饰面装饰材料,但这种配套形式的安全性也存在较大的争议。如何才能更好地保证和提高外墙外保温系统粘贴瓷砖的安全性成为业界关注的热点问题。以下以国内使用最普遍的EPS聚苯板薄抹灰外保温系统(以下简称EPS系统)为例分析采用瓷砖作为饰面材料对系统安全所带来的问题以及相应的解决方案。
   
    重力问题
   
    目前国内市场上常用的外墙瓷砖重量约在18kg-25kg/㎡左右,加上粘贴瓷砖所用的胶粘剂和勾缝剂的重量,作用于EPS系统上的重量至少在27kg/㎡以上,由此而产生的剪切重力,对未采取增强措施的EPS系统来讲,安全性能无法保证。
   
    解决方案:
   
    EPS系统中使用的各种材料质量应符合国标要求,材料性能符合设计要求。
   
    1、粘结胶浆在聚苯板上的涂胶面积大干50%。
   
    2、聚苯板的表观密度应大于25kg/㎡,小于35kg/㎡,压缩强度应达到15OKpa—25OKpa,浸水96h的吸水率小于1.5%。
   
    3、粘贴于混凝土墙面上的聚苯板使用膨胀型锚钉固定,粘贴于多孔砖墙面上的聚苯板使用回拧型锚钉固定,锚固钉数量按标准板交汇角处各一只,板中加二只。50米以上高度,板中间加四只固定。聚苯板粘贴于墙面24h后方可进行锚固。
   
    4、耐碱玻纤网的单位面积质量大于160g/㎡,ZrO2,含量不小于14.5%,且表面须经涂塑处理。
   
    5、抹面胶浆厚度(加网)小于4mm,不大于6mm。
   
    建议EPS板最好采用板上有横、竖交错凹线的25kg—35kg/㎡模压成型板,强化EPS板的抗剪切力,提高EPS板与粘结胶浆,抹面胶浆的附着力;胶粘剂和抹面胶浆的拉伸粘接强度(砂浆板基材)指标应达到:原强度0.8OMpa以上,耐水强度0.6OMpa以上。
   
    形变问题
   
    瓷砖作为建筑外墙饰面材料使用时,会受基层及温度的影响产生一定量的形变,而在柔性渐变的EPS系统中使用刚性的瓷砖作为饰面,这种形变会加大,进而影晌到瓷砖在EPS系统抹面层上的附着安全。
   
    解决方案:
   
    1、聚苯板大方料成型后应在自然条件下陈化不少于37d或在60℃蒸汽中陈化不少于5d后进行机械切割,切割成型后的标准板在自然陈化5d后使用。
   
    2、使用在EPS系统抹面层和瓷砖贴面层两面涂胶的复合粘贴法施工,并保证瓷砖与EPS系统抹面层有100%的粘贴面积。
   
    3、瓷砖规格不大于45mm×95mm,自重不大于18kg/㎡,吸水率不大于6%。
   
    4、瓷砖面的分格缝竖向不宜大于12m,横向不宜大于6m,瓷砖间留缝宽度不小于6mm。
   
    5、粘贴瓷砖时间为EPS系统抹面层施工结束并养护7d后开始。
   
    建议采用lOkg-12kg/㎡重的外保温专用轻质瓷砖进行EPS系统的饰面装饰,可有效降低面层形变。确保使用柔性的粘结剂和勾缝剂对瓷砖进行粘贴、勾缝。
   
    耐候问题
   
    由于气候原因引起的EPS系统湿热作用和冻融现象,对EPS瓷砖装饰系统耐候安全性的影响是潜在的。而EPS系统耐候性的好坏则直接取决于系统内各种胶粘材料的耐候性指标。
   
    解决方案:
   
    保温系统供应商必须通过国家专业检测机构对其EPS瓷砖饰面保温系统的耐候性检测,并取得合格报告。
   
    1、在解决好重力及形变问题的基础上,着重解决好EPS系统节点的防水处理。
   
    2、预先控制瓷砖的吸水率指标以及勾缝剂的防水性指标。
   
    3、选用具有憎水作用的胶粘材料。
   
    4、施工应采取防雨、防晒措施,连续24h中的最低温度低于5℃时,不得施工。
   
    建议采用成熟企业生产的高质量双组份类型胶粘及抹面材料,以提高EPS系统的耐候性,保证系统安全的长期性。
   
    通过以上分析,不难看出EPS聚苯板薄抹灰外保温系统粘贴饰面瓷砖在技术上可行的,安全上也是有保障的,但基础条件是需要有优秀的材料质量,科学的系统集成、成熟的施工经验以及必要的专家论证。从现在墙体保温市场的发展来看,保温系统集成化、保温施工专业化将成为发展趋势。

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